Quantitative Research Proposal Restrain and Aggression - Free Essay Example

The Safety of Nurses in a Ward Setting when Restraining Aggressive Patients The Research Problem In psychiatry, professionals are also at risk of aggression and violence which involves the risks of being verbal assault and physically assaulted.   These negative conducts of patients may include different forms of violence. Nurses are the professions that are more prone to this aggression because they are an immediate relationship with the patients in a psychiatric ward. The nurses also have a closer relationship with the patients, and therefore cases of violence are inevitable (Draper, 2015) .In this study, violence and aggression have been considered as a range of conduct or behaviour which can result to hurt, injury or harming another individual. Violence and aggression include both physical and verbal expression or physical harm which is experienced by one person from another. The definition of these terms also involves a combination of an immoral or inappropriate behaviour, hurt, damage, intentions to dominate other people, anger, behaviour that are protective and even non-verbal gestures. Most of the injuries that are sustained by nurses that serve in the mental health units have turned to a global challenge. There is a worldwide concern for the security of the nurses. The major objective of nurses is to increase the health of patients, the safety of the people that nurse these patients and also the occupational health, which need to be protected and promoted (Baillie, 2015). Most cases of nurses being assaulted by their patient end up in emotional response which includes anxiousness, anger, helplessness, increased irritability and loss of control. Some cases of these form of assault have resulted to physical injuries to the nurses. The physical injuries may take a relatively short period to heal, but the major problem is experienced in the emotional assault which takes long time to heal and which affects the service delivery of the nurse (Botti Endacott, 2008). This study is developed to identify different ways which can be effected to reduce the injuries and assaul t that the nurses experience when restraining aggressive patients. This is with the aim of promoting mental and physical health for the nurses while on duty. The Aims of the Study The main aim of this research proposal is to describe the injuries and patterns that can be sustained by the nurses when restraining patients that are aggressive. The study aims to outline the factors in the process of restraining, which can be modified to increase the safety of nurses in their service delivery while restraining patients. The study also has specific objectives which include: To outline the injuries and patterns which nurses can sustain during the procedure of restraining aggressive patients. To examine the perceptions of nurses which is associated with the injuries that they can sustain while restraining patients. To examine the perception of nurses on the ways that can be implemented to improve their safety in the procedure of restraining patients. To increase the awareness of the nurses concerning the issues of aggression and violence in the psychiatric  ward and To increase the confidence of the nurses in the process of handling aggressive patients in a psychiatric ward. Hypothesis and Review of the Study This study will investigate two hypothesis; Hypothesis 1: The exposure of nurses to aggressive conditions in a psychiatric ward is the main challenge in their service delivery. Hypothesis 2: The exposure of nurses to aggressive patients during the process of restraining is related to the negative attitude of the nurses. Justification of the Study The exposure of nurses in aggressive conditions during the process of restraining patients may have more negative effects to the emotional health of the nurse than their physical health. This is what facilitates this study to investigate the mitigating factors that can be implemented to improve the safety of the nurses in their process of service delivery. Although extensive research has been done in relation to this study, there is scanty information that has been presented concerning the factors that can be implemented to improve the safety of nurses while restraining patients that are aggressive. The study is also expected to extend the knowledge of frontiers to the future researchers which may be interested in carrying their research in this topic. Restrain and Aggression in a Psychiatric Ward The most manual technique in the management of aggression is the restraining the patient. This technique has existed in a mainstream of psychiatry for a bout fifteen years although there is scarse research that has been conducted with regards to the safety and effectiveness of the procedure. There are four components that are used in the use of physical restrain which are the restriction of the movement of limbs through the use of some form of holding the subject (Bloomfield et al., 2010). The immobilization of the subject is also done through the use of body strength and body weight. The subject can be kept in an off-balance by position and the fourth one involves the use of reasonable force. These methods are mostly used in many psychiatric wards to in the control of patients. In order to describe the patterns of the injuries sustained by the in the ward, the restrain process can be categorized into three stages. These stages include the initiation of restrain, where the nurse goes towards the patient being restrained. The second stage involves holding, where the nurse makes efforts to maintain the patient in a state that is immobilized by the use of special hold which is referred to as a lock. The third stage is the exist, where the nurse loosen themselves from the holds of their patients and move away from them. Patterns of Injuries of Nurse During Restrain Injuries for the medical staff, especially the nurses is a common experience in many psychiatric wards. However, the prevalence of these cases varies from one institution to another depending with factors such as the training and experience of the nurses and the available facilities in the wards (Coopey et al., 2006). It is estimated that about sixteen percent of the cases results to the abrasions with either the staff or the patients themselves. In this case, nurses are the ones that are likely to sustain injuries during the process of containment. In the most cases of aggression and injuries, there are common factors which are involved in causing injuries to the nurses. Some of the staff may not be adequately trained to handle cases of aggression and restraining the patients (Botti Endacott, 2008). The cases are as a result of poor techniques of restraining the patients which results to the injuries of the nurses and even patients themselves. Means of Mitigating Injuries Nurse During Restrain Some of the means which can be provided to help mitigate the incidences of injuries to nurses during the process of restrain includes the provision of adequate training to the nurses. They can be provided with seminars on the prevention of violence against and in the management of violence in the process of restraining the patients. The nursing profession can introduce policies to endorse non- tolerance to occupational violence and aggression to all the members. The policy can help in the prevention of injuries to the nurses since it does not allow any form of violence to the professions in this field (Endacott, 2007). Methodology This study will make the use of two methods of data collection. The first phase will involve the analysis of incidents reports where violence has been experienced in the process of restrain. The second phase will involve a questionnaire to collect information on perception of nurses to the process of restrain and aggression. The data and patterns of injuries that nurses have experienced over a specified period of time will be retrieved through the process of incident reports. This information will be retrieved from the hospital reports and data base (Baillie, 2015). The items of data which will be expected to be collected will involve the time of injury, the type of injury, gender of the victim, the cause of the injury, the stage of the restraining process when the incident was reported. In this method of data collection, the reports incidents will be re-identified to ensure the privacy and anonymity of the patients and nurses. Questionnaire A set of a questionnaire will be administered to collect the data concerning the perceptions of nurses with their sustained injuries, ways of improving their safety during the restraining process and the most common types of injuries to the nurses. The questionnaires and consent forms will be distributed to the nurses to fill at their most preferred time. In this method of data collection, the anonymity and privacy of the respondents will also be observed. Setting the sample size The study will be conducted in a psychiatric ward. The two eligible criteria that will be used for participation in this study will be: being a nurse in the psychiatric ward and being eligible to restrain patients that are aggressive. All the nurses who work in this ward will be provided with a detailed plan of the study since they are eligible to participate in the study. The population of the study is relatively small because sampling a larger population would result to sampling errors and also prone to selection bias (Endacott Botti, 2007). The potential respondents are expected to be both male and female of the age between twenty and sixty- five. After the identification of the respondents, a series of meeting will be conducted between them and the researcher to offer them with adequate training. The information and questionnaires will be administered during the meetings. Reliability and Validity of the Study The method of incident reports is recognized globally and a valid and reliable means of data collection. This method has been used for many years in medical research to produce injury surveillance data (Gerrish et al., 2015). The information obtained from this method of data collection includes the injuries to nurses and patients in most medical institutions. A pilot study will be carried out to a group of ten students in the school in ordered to establish the validity and reliability of the questionnaires that will be administered. Data Analysis The data collected will be analyzed by the use of the statistical package Stata. The description statistics will also be used in analysis of the data. The Fishers exact examination will be used to assess the relationship between the variables (Bloomfield et al. 2010). In this study, a significance level of p 0.05 will also be used to ascertain the reliability of the data collected. In the analysis of the questionnaire, a content analysis technique will be used to determine the qualitative response.

Religion Is A Sensitive Subject For Me - 716 Words

Religion is a sensitive subject for me. My views on religion are a more of a new age thinker rather than which I was raised. I can already hear my very Catholic (paternal) grandmother’s voice in my head telling me â€Å" Phew!! Estas loca! Somos Catolicos y nada mas! Intendies?† or in English â€Å"Phew!! You are crazy! We are Catholics and nothing else? Understand?† It’s a good thing my grandmother could not make the rules about how I worship my God! Even though she was not tolerant; we live in the most tolerant nation in the world. As young children we are told what to believe and what religion to practice. I learned at a young age that I did not have to believe what my grandmother believed or how she believed it. My views today are a reflection on how my father was raised. He had Catholicism shoved down his throat from infancy to adulthood. My parents were married by the Catholic Church in 1990 and by 1993 they were divorced. After that church was non existent in my family. Both of my parents later told me, you can go to church every Sunday and do as you are told, but it is up to you, not the church, how you live your life. My grandmother was not tolerant of any other religion. You had to do as your were told by the priest. When my parents divorced we became distant from my grandmother. She did not agree with my parents choice to divorce because Catholics do not divorce. So were my parents supposed to live an unhappy life because Catholicism said you had too? To me religion isShow MoreRelatedGeography And The World Of Geography1221 Words   |  5 Pagesprospective and information about the world around me. Throughout the semester, my understanding and knowledge about geography has drastically changed from before this course. This course has made me think about topics and things that I have never reflected upon. I have had this standard premonition of geography as just places or maps, but there is so much more. 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Communism vs Capitalism - 992 Words

Is Communism a better economic system than capitalism? By Michael Kujawski Since the beginning of the 20th century many countries have favored the economic system of communism over capitalism many political partys around the world that are communist based have the term â€Å"workers party†incuded in their name because communism is a system for the working class and capitalism is a competitive system for the upper class society to benefit. Communism was not envisioned by one person but molded and perfected by many one of the key contributors to the creation of communism was Karl Marx who wrote The Communist Manifesto which heavily criticized capitalism â€Å"The flaws Marx found in†¦show more content†¦,145).Also like communism, capitalism benefited the economy and because of the free markets people are most likely more pleased with filling their own quota Than that of a controlling and demanding communist state who owned all of the land like lords owned land and surfs were brought to farm it in the feudal age Both capitalism and communism were positive in their own ways and also negative in their own ways but to find the dominant force one must compare the pros and cons of both economic systems that are the most popular in the world today. â€Å"The primary point of difference between capitalism and communism is regarding the ownership of means of production or resources in general† ( Phatak.,1). Capitalism is based on the profit motive as the main factor that drives the economy. Capitalism motivates individuals and companies to strive and gain profits, to accumulate wealth and in the process contribute to building the economy. Capitalism is a system where those with greater ability and will to accumulate more profits are rewarded by the system, while the losers are those who fail to strive for profits this system dominates the western world .In The Communist economic system people are never unemployed because the government owns production. Meaning the governments owns all the fa ctories and stores because there are no private owners in a Communist system. This is good because the governmentShow MoreRelatedCapitalism Vs. Communism And Communism1266 Words   |  6 PagesRaia Creative Writing 1 5 May 2015 Capitalism vs Communism Throughout history, people have tested many different political systems have a better society. 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critical evaluation Essay - 852 Words

Professor English 102 Critical Evaluation Essay: A Petition to the President of the United States The atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan in 1945 were not seen as a logical reaction to the war by everyone. Leo Szilard was a Hungarian physicist that was the first to conceive of the mechanics of the atomic bomb, and how it worked. He was fighting the use of these bombs on Japan, and trying to urge the President to reconsider the idea. Although he lost the argument over whether to use the bombs, his argument was valid based on the devastation that was caused by the atomic bombs in Japan. Given the results of the devastation in Japan, his side of the argument is unmistakably seen. One great contribution the†¦show more content†¦He went into the dangers that would be caused by the use of the bombs, and that they would only cause â€Å"ruthless annihilation and irreversible devastation .† Szilard believed that Japan should have the chance to surrender before that tragedy that would be caused from an attack like this was imposed on them. He believed that after given the chance to surrender, if Japan still chose the ladder by not surrendering, then an attack involving an atomic bomb could be discussed . President Truman authorized the use of atomic bombs on Japan. Leo Szilard’s argument over the use of the atomic bomb on Japan is justified. The destruction that was caused by these highly destructive bombs was detrimental to the country. The effects of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki are still being seen today. Szilard lost this argument because President Truman still went ahead with the use of the A-bomb on Japan. 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Essay on The Criminal Population and African Americans

African Americans are targeted by law enforcement more often than any other race (Toth, Crews Burton, 2008). Because of this the term racial profiling was created to explain the process of targeting people for criminal activity because of race not evidence (Toth et al, 2008). African Americans are over represented in the criminal justice system based on their population amount compared to whites (Toth et al, 2008). African American males are incarcerated at a rate 9 times that of white males in most states, in others that number may be as high as 12 to 26 times more (Toth et al, 2008). Nationwide statistics show in most states 1 in 20 over the age of 18 are in prison, while 5 other states report 1 in 13 or 14 compared to the 1 in 180†¦show more content†¦At the prosecution stage, African Americans are subject to racially biased charges and plea agreements (TLC, 2011). African Americans are less likely to have their charges dismissed or reduced or to receive any kind of alte rnate sentencing than their white counterparts (TLC, 2011). In the last stage, the finding of guilt and sentencing, the decisions of jurors may be affected by race (Toth et al, 2008) African Americans receive racially discriminatory sentences from judges (TLC, 2011). A New York study from 1990 to 1992 revealed one-third of minorities would have receive a lesser sentence if they were treated the same as white and there would have been a 5 percent decrease in African Americans sent to prison during that time period if they had received the same probation privileges (TLC, 2011). African Americans receive death sentences more than whites who have committed similar crimes (Toth et al, 2008). Because of the unfair treatment from the beginning to the end of the justice system there is an over represented amount of African Americans in prison (Toth et al, 2008). Some of the problems faced by African Americans in prison are gangs, racial preferences given to whites, and unfair treatment by p rison guards (Toth et al, 2008). One of the most recent lawsuits initiated by African Americans took place on September 15, 2011, against the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore. The lawsuit alleges the instituteShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1512 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough saying the criminal justice system is racist is a controversial statement, there is evidence and statistics that prove it to be true. Research and evidence validate the issue of racism to be undeniable. Equality and justice are out of reach with the racism that takes place in our criminal justice system and our country. Racial discrimination is prevalent amongst the African American culture in issues regarding drug use, and incarceration which creates unfair inequality for this race. I willRead MoreThe Relationship Between African Americans And Incarceration1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relationship between African Americans Males and Incarceration Research question: Why are the majority of American prisoners African American males? Thesis: Because of racial inequality and a history of social oppression African American males have been treated unequally entering jails/prison at a higher rate than other racial groups The mass incarceration of African Americans has been for years, racially pushed forward. In recent years this crisis of disproportional inequality hasRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1725 Words   |  7 Pagesnon-equal treatment of members of that race. Also, this paper will be focusing on the race industry within the criminal justice system in all level law enforcement, courts and court system. 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The criminal justice system, according to the Oxford Dictionaries (2010), is defined as â€Å"the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehendingRead MoreAfrican Americans in Prison and the Jim Crow Laws Essay915 Words   |  4 Pages The United States has the biggest prison and jail population in the world not only by population, but also by sheer numbers. Many of these offenders are behind bars for nonviolent drug crimes and statistically more of those non-violent offenders are African American. African Americans are 13% of the United States Population but make up over 40% of the current jail and prison population. A black man is five times more likely to be convicted of a crime than a white man in the United States. How farRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Criminal Justice System1394 Words   |  6 Pagesbiases within a myriad of institutions. One of these institutions which have policies which negatively affect minorities is the criminal justice system. 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ThisRead MoreAfrican American And Other Ethnic Groups Incarcerated Versus Whites1553 Words   |  7 Pagesthe research about the ratio of African American and other ethnic groups incarcerated versus whites, also how this affects the community, why such a high percentage of African Americans ages 25-29 are incarcerate d and the racial disparities that exist in the justice system. Historically African Americans have been discriminated against in the United States and a system of race based hierarchy still exists. The lower class includes the Blacks and Hispanic population and other so called minoritiesRead MoreEffects Of Racial Corruption In The Criminal Justice System1678 Words   |  7 Pages Racial Corruption in the Criminal Justice System It appears that the criminal justice system is racially biased. Instead of the criminal justice system giving all of the citizens of the United States of America the same civil treatment, it treats all individuals differently based upon the color of an individual’s skin. What does it mean to be racially biased? Being racially biased is known as to judge one by his or her physical appearance. Treating people of color unfairly is still common toRead MoreWhat Does Black Males Use The Strength Based Perspective?1744 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American males who live in poverty are the most vulnerable and oppressed population in society. Since the first slave ship set sail from Africa with hundreds of Blacks in tow headed to America, black have endured the worst treatment of any one individual race in America. Slavery lasted over three hundred years and has been illegal since 1865. However the underlying effects of slavery continue to plague Black males in society. In our moder n day society there are still underlying racial injustices

Programming language Free Essays

The students will understand the concepts of structured programming and learn how to write programs for problem solving using structured programming language Learning Outcomes By the end of the unit, the student should be able to: a) b) c) d) f) To understand principles of good program design To understand the concept of a variable holding a value, how a variable is declared and how it can change To be able to use a conditional statement to select a choice from two or more alternatives To understand the concept of a loop – that is, a series of statements which is written once but executed repeatedly- and how to use it in a programming language To be able to break large problem into smaller parts, writing each part as a module or function To be able to use an array to store multiple pieces of homogeneous data, and use a structure to store multiple pieces of heterogeneous data Course Description Structured programming: problem solving techniques, algorithms, pseudo code, hanta, semantics, data types, expressions, statements, input/output and control structures. Basic sequencing, alternation, and looping control constructs. Subprograms: functional and procedural abstractions and data abstraction. We will write a custom essay sample on Programming language or any similar topic only for you Order Now How to cite Programming language, Papers

Recreation And Sports Facilities In Ipswich â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Recreation And Sports Facilities In Ipswich? Answer: Introducation The plaintiff and the defendant entered into a contract to construct five multi-purpose recreation and sports facilities in Ipswich, Brisbane and Beaudeser, Toowoomba and Logan City. Although the plaintiff commenced manufacturing and designing but did not start the construction as was required by the contract and the defendant terminated the contract. Plaintiff claims reliance damages for the works done under the contract as the termination notice was an invalid exercise. Defendants Submissions Wrongful Termination The defendant had entered into a contract with the Plaintiff in July 2016 and the subject matter of the contact was to construct a five multi-purpose recreation and sports facilities in Ipswich, Brisbane and Beaudeser, Toowoomba and Logan City. The plaintiff failed to commence with the construction of the sports and the recreational facilities and merely initiated with the manufacturing and designing of the project. The defendant terminated the contact based on the ground that the plaintiff had repudiated when he failed to commence construction, which forms the subject matter of the contract. In Koompahtoo Local Aboriginal Land Council v Sanpine Pty Ltd [2007] 233 CLR 115, 135 party to a contract is said to have repudiated the contract when their conduct is such that any prudent person would believe that the party the does not have any intentions to be bound by the contract. Such conduct shall also imply that the plaintiff intends to fulfill the contract in a manner that is contrary to the obligations conferred on such party[1]. The plaintiff had initiated the design and manufacturing of the multi-purpose sports and recreational facilities but did not commence with the construction of the recreational and sports facility, which signifies that the plaintiff did not have any intention to perform the contract[2]. Hence, the defendant had terminated the contract on the ground of breach of the contract which in order to be considered as repudiation must be sufficiently severe to give rise to the right to terminate. The plaintiff committed a breach of contract by failing to commence construction of the multi-purpose sports and recreational facilities. In law of contract if either party to the contract commits a breach of the contractual terms, the innocent party is entitled to terminate the contract. This is particular when the contractual term infringed by the breaching party has been agreed to be an essential term (i.e. a condition) between the parties to the contract as was ruled in the Koompahtoos case. If the breached term is a condition, the aggrieved party shall be entitled to terminate the contract with respect to the breach of such contractual term. In order to determine whether the term breached was essential (i.e. condition) the test of essentiality must be applied. Thos would enable to comprehend whether the nature of the contract signifies that the promise made to the promise was so essential that in the absence of such promise, he would not have formed the contract if he had not been assured of the performance of the promise. If the contractual term breached by the plaintiff was a warranty or a non-essential term, the innocent party shall be entitled to claim damages but cannot end the contract. If the violated term is an intermediate or an innominate term, the contract is entitled to be terminated[3]. However, the termination depends on the seriousness of the breach of such contractual term. A contract can be terminated for breach of any non-essential or an intermediate contractual term. In Hongkong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kisha Ltd [1962] 2 QB 26[4], it was held that for claiming a breach of any contractual term, the innocent party must establish that the breach was of serious nature and the seriousness of the breach shall enable the innocent party to end the contract. The aggrieved party must establish that such breach has deprived him of the significant benefits that he was otherwise entitled to receive had the contract been performed. In Ankar v national Westminster Finance, it was held that in some cases the it becomes difficult to determine whether the term breached is intermediate term or not owing to the ambiguousness of the language of the term. Under such circumstances, such terms shall be considered as both an essential and non-essential term. The seriousness of the breach shall determine whether the termination of the contract was justified. The subject matter of the contract entered into between the defendant and the plaintiff as to construct multi-purpose sports and recreational facilities but the plaintiff failed to commence with the construction, which implies his intention of not performing his contractual obligation. Due to such failure on part of the plaintiff, the defendant had been deprived of the benefits he would have obtained otherwise, if the plaintiff had fulfilled his contractual obligations. As mentioned in the Hongkongs case, the defendant is entitled to repudiate the contract on the ground of breach of the contract on part of the plaintiff. Wrongful termination 2.1. If the defendant had not terminated the contract, even then it still would have been deprived of the benefits as the plaintiff had merely started with the designing and manufacturing process and the defendant could not make use of the sports and recreational facilities as its construction had not yet been commenced. It could be said that the breach had an overarching impact on the end objective of the contract. 2.2. In the case Piattchanine, Iouri v Phosagro Asia Pte Ltd [2015] SGHC 25[5], the High Court held that the employer is entitled to terminate a contract under Common Law on the ground of breach of a contractual term and the essence of the contractual term breached depends on the facts of the case. The plaintiff had failed to start the construction of the multi-purpose project, which formed the subject matter of the contract and hence can be considered as an essential term of the contract. The defendant is entitled to terminate the contract under Common Law on ground of breach of an essential contractual term. 2.3. If a party is free to terminate a contract on notice, there is no stipulated requirement under the Common law to provide reasons to the party for terminating the contract as was ruled in Intico (Vic) Pty Ltd Ors v Walmsley [2004][6]. 2.4. In order to end the contract on the grounds of breach of any contractual term, it is imperative to identify the term that is alleged to have been infringed and the nature of the term should also be determined. If the term breached is an essential term irrespective of the fact how minor the term is, it shall be considered as a breach of an essential contractual term and the innocent party shall become entitled to terminate the contract. 2.5. If the term is not an essential term, that nature of the breach should be taken into consideration. As was observed in the Koompahtoos case, it is essential for the defendant to establish that the plaintiff had committed a breach of the proviso of the contra and the term was fundamental to the contract, hence the breach is of serious nature. The breach goes to the root of the contract and deprives the defendant or the aggrieved party significantly of the benefits that the innocent party as entitled to if the breach of the contractual term had not taken place on part of the plaintiff[7]. 2.6. The termination of the contract by defendant was based on the ground of a breach of an essential term of the contract, which was to construct a multi-purpose recreational, and sports facilities in Ipswich, Brisbane and Beaudeser, Toowoomba and Logan City. Due to the failure to commence the construction, it amounted to a breach of an essential term of the contract, which formed the subject matter of the contract. Such breach is considered as a fundamental breach and goes to the root the contract, thus, depriving the defendant from significant benefits which he was entitled to, had the contract was not breached. The defendant is entitled to claim compensation as ruled in the Kommpahtoos case. 2.7. The defendant had terminated the contract based on the breach of contractual term, which is considered as condition that gives rise to the right of the innocent party to terminate the contract. The defendant had notified the plaintiff about the termination of the contract and that the termination was conducted based on the breach of the contractual terms and not on the basis of repudiatory breach. In case the breach was conducted on the grounds of repudiation, the defendant would have had a chance to raise new grounds for terminating the contract. 2.6. the plaintiff had claimed that he relied on the contractual promise stipulated in the contract that it shall not be terminated unless the defendant notifies the plaintiff regarding the termination of the contract by giving reasons for it. However, as observed in the Inticos case, the employer is entitled to end a contract without giving any reasons for such termination under the Common law. The failure of the plaintiff to construct the multi-purpose project was a willful breach and the defendant had notified the plaintiff about the termination of contract on the grounds of breach of the contractual term, which was fundamental to the contract. 2.7. The plaintiff had further contended under clauses 5.5 that the plaintiff had entered into the contract with the belief that this contract would led him to earn huge profits in the future and that the defendant would form future contracts with him as well[8]. However, in order to form a valid contract it is imperative that both the parties to the contract agree by the terms of the contract and have legal intend to become legally bound by the contractual terms. In other words, both the parties to the contract must have the intention to perform the contractual terms of the contract without committing any breach of the contract. The plaintiff was aware that the subject matter or an indispensable term of the contract was the construction of the multi-purpose project in the five locations. The plaintiff commenced with the designs and the manufacturing but did not commence the construction of the project which implies that the plaintiff did not have any legal intention to perform his p art of the obligations and by non-commencing the construction of the project, it signified breach of an essential contractual term or a condition. 2.8. The defendant would have entered into other contracts with the plaintiffs had the plaintiff not failed to perform his part of the contractual obligations. Further, the defendant did not compel the plaintiff to enter into the contract at the cost of incurring a loss of $250000. The plaintiff had agreed to the terms of the contract and had entered into the contract voluntarily. The defendant promised the plaintiff of the substantial performance of the contract and was willing to perform the contractual obligation on part of the defendant. The plaintiff had willfully committed a breach of the contractual term by not fulfilling his obligation to construct the multi-purpose sports and recreational facility project in the five stipulated locations. 2.9. The plaintiff claims reliance damages to recoup the expenses incurred by the plaintiff to the extent that the plaintiff would have been entitled to recoup, had the contract was performed and not terminated[9]. As observed in the Piattchanines case, the defendant dismissed the claim of the plaintiff with respect to expenses incurred on the ground that the plaintiff had committed a willful breach of a contractual term, which amounts to a fundamental breach of the contract. Such willful breach deprives the defendant from substantial benefits that he would have otherwise obtained if the contract as fulfilled. The plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable care while performing his part of the obligation and has failed to the act in the best interests of the defendant. Reference list Stewart, Andrew. Stewart's guide to employment law. Vol. 3. Sydney: Federation Press, 2013. Painter, Richard, and Ann Holmes. Cases and materials on Employment Law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. Selwyn, Norman M., and Astra Emir. Selwyn's law of employment. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014. McKendrick, Ewan. Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014. Adriaanse, Mr John. Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Hughes, Will, Ronan Champion, and John Murdoch. Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge, 2015. Intico (Vic) Pty Ltd Ors v Walmsley [2004] Piattchanine, Iouri v Phosagro Asia Pte Ltd [2015] SGHC 25 Hongkong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kisha Ltd [1962] 2 QB 26 Koompahtoo Local Aboriginal Land Council v Sanpine Pty Ltd [2007] 233 CLR 115, 135 [1] [2007] 233 CLR 115, 135 [2] Stewart, Andrew. Stewart's guide to employment law. Vol. 3. Sydney: Federation Press, 2013. [3] Painter, Richard, and Ann Holmes. Cases and materials on Employment Law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. [4] [1962] 2 QB 26 [5] [2015] SGHC 25 [6] [2004] [7] Selwyn, Norman M., and Astra Emir. Selwyn's law of employment. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014. [8] Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. [9] Hughes, Will, Ronan Champion, and John Murdoch.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge, 2015.